Fly Girls Page 14
Williams, Vera S. Wasps: Women Airforce Service Pilots of World War II. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International, 1994.
Wolff, Scott. “Warrior Wednesday: Lieutenant Colonel Nicole ‘Fifi’ Malachowski.” FighterSweep.com. March 18, 2015. https://fightersweep.com/1670/warrior-wednesday-lieutenant-colonel-nicole-fifi-malachowski/.
Woolner, David. “The ‘Special Relationship’ Between Great Britain and the United States Began with FDR.” Roosevelt Forward. July 22, 2010. http://rooseveltinstitute.org/special-relationship-between-great-britain-and-united-states-began-fdr/.
World War II Foundation. “World War II Aircraft Facts.” 2016. http://www.wwiifoundation.org/students/wwii-aircraft-facts/.
Yellin, Emily. Our Mothers’ War: American Women at Home and at the Front During World War II. New York: Free Press, 2004.
Zimmerman, Dwight Jon. “Automobile Factories Switched to War Production as America Entered World War II.” Defense Media Network. February 10, 2012. http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/automobile-factories-switched-to-war-production-as-america-entered-world-war-ii/.
Notes
Main Text
1. New York Times, “President Opens Fair.”
2. American Studies at the University of Virginia, “Welcome to Tomorrow.”
3. Carl, A WASP Among Eagles, 20–21.
4. Ibid., 21.
5. BBC Archive, “Chamberlain’s Declaration of War.”
6. Carl, A WASP Among Eagles, 21–22.
7. Ibid., 21.
8. Nathan, Yankee Doodle Gals, 17.
9. Cochran, Report on Women’s Pilot Program, 57.
10. Ladevich, “Fly Girls.”
11. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 47.
12. National Museum of the United States Air Force, “Women Airforce Service Pilots.”
13. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 51.
14. Ibid., 108.
15. Ibid., 330.
16. Merryman, Clipped Wings, 11.
17. Carl, A WASP Among Eagles, 21.
18. Churchill, “We Shall Fight.”
19. Woolner, “ ‘Special Relationship.’ ”
20. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 52.
21. Cochran, The Autobiography of the greatest Woman Pilot in Aviation History,169.
22. Ibid., 170–71.
23. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 52–53.
24. Simbeck, Daughter of the Air, 111.
25. Ibid., 30, 37.
26. Ibid., 76–77, 87.
27. Ibid., 2.
28. Ibid., 3–4.
29. Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 231.
30. Ibid., 316.
31. Zimmerman, “Automobile Factories.”
32. PBS online, “War Production.”
33. Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 291.
34. History.com, “American Women in World War II.”
35. National World War II Museum, “By the Numbers.”
36. Simbeck, Daughter of the Air, 107.
37. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 109.
38. Simbeck, Daughter of the Air, 108.
39. Ibid., 115.
40. Tindall and Shi, America: A Narrative History, 907.
41. Atlanta Journal-Constitution online, “World War II: A Timeline.”
42. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 118.
43. Roosevelt, “My Day.”
44. Simbeck, Daughter of the Air, 121.
45. Ibid., 138.
46. Williams, Wasps, 71.
47. Simbeck, Daughter of the Air, 137.
48. Ibid., 135.
49. Ibid., 134.
50. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 127.
51. Ibid., 128.
52. Simbeck, Daughter of the Air, 152.
53. Ibid., 153.
54. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 145.
55. Verges, On Silver Wings, 72.
56. Merryman, Clipped Wings, 16.
57. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 166.
58. Ibid., 146.
59. Williams, Wasps, 115.
60. Verges, On Silver Wings, 75–76.
61. Ibid., 77.
62. Ibid., 79.
63. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 148.
64. Ibid.
65. Williams, Wasps, 51.
66. Carl, A WASP Among Eagles, 23.
67. Ibid., 23–25.
68. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 154–155.
69. Ladevich, “Fly Girls.”
70. Williams, Wasps, 71.
71. Ibid.
72. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 161.
73. Cochran, 353.
74. Carl, A WASP Among Eagles, 50.
75. Merryman, Clipped Wings, 107.
76. Schrader, Sisters in Arms, 179.
77. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 165.
78. Williams, Wasps, 28.
79. Merryman, Clipped Wings, 15.
80. Ladevich, “Fly Girls.”
81. Williams, Wasps, 91.
82. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 261–62.
83. Ibid., 257–258.
84. Ibid., 134–35.
85. Ibid., 136–137.
86. Williams, Wasps, 93.
87. Simbeck, Daughter of the Air, 227–28.
88. Ibid., 234–35.
89. Schrader, Sisters in Arms, 108.
90. Simbeck, Daughter of the Air, 153.
91. Carl, A WASP Among Eagles, 52.
92. Merryman, Clipped Wings, 25.
93. Rowland, “Pioneer Female Pilot.”
94. Williams, Wasps, 98.
95. Carl, A WASP Among Eagles, 52.
96. Williams, Wasps, 99.
97. Mondey, American Aircraft of World War II, 158–59.
98. Carl, A WASP Among Eagles, 53.
99. Williams, Wasps, 99.
100. Keil, Those Wonderful
Women, 29.
101. Williams, Wasps, 102.
102. Ibid.
103. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 288.
104. Schrader, Sisters in Arms, 180.
105. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 218.
106. Ibid., 213.
107. Ibid., 213–17.
108. Ibid., 218.
109. Holbrook, “Coastside Woman.”
110. Pohly, “Mabel Virginia Rawlinson.”
111. Ibid.
112. Williams, Wasps, 136–37.
113. Jean, “Fallen Hero.”
114. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 232.
115. Merryman, Clipped Wings, 22.
116. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 232.
117. Tekeei, “Fly Girl.”
118. World War II Foundation, “Aircraft Facts.”
119. Verges, On Silver Wings, 146–47.
120. Pisano, Airplane in American Culture, 175.
121. Kari, interview.
122. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 184.
123. Ibid., 193–94.
124. Ibid., 184, 192–93, 204–5.
125. Schrader, Sisters in Arms, 181.
126. Tibbets, interview.
127. Collins, “Saint Paul–Born ‘Fly Girl.’ ”
128. Strother, “Women of the WASP.”
129. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 282.
130. Ibid., 280–2.
131. Carl, A WASP Among Eagles, 59.
132. Ibid., 88.
133. Ibid., 61.
134. Ibid., 2.
135. Ibid.
136. Ibid., 101.
137. Ibid.
138. Arnold, “End of the WASP Program.”
139. Yellin, Our Mothers’ War, 161.
140. Williams, Wasps, 99–100.
141. Merryman, Clipped Wings, 55.
142. Schrader, Sisters in Arms, 246.
143. Schisgall, “Girls Deliver the Goods,” 10.
144. Life, “Girl Pilots,” 73–81.
145. Ibid.
146. Merryman, Clipped Wings, 58.
147. Ibid., 82.
148. Ibid., 82–88.
149. Comm. on Appropriations, H. R. Rep. No. 1606, 10.
/>
150. Merryman, Clipped Wings, 90.
151. Ibid., 91.
152. Keil, Those Wonderful Women, 303–304
153. Merryman, 100.
154. Ibid., 23.
155. Rowley, “Teresa James: Pioneer Pilot.”
156. Carl, A WASP Among Eagles, 111.
157. Williams, Wasps, 126.
158. Rowley, “Teresa James: Pioneer Pilot.”
159. Williams, Wasps, 133.
160. Ibid., 41.
161. Time, “Army & Navy.”
162. WASP Final Flight (blog), “WASP Betty Jane Williams.”
163. Deseret News, “Death: Frances Green Kari.”
164. Merryman, Clipped Wings, 130.
165. Ibid., 137.
166. Ibid., 138.
167. Yellin, Our Mothers’ War, 161.
168. Williams, Wasps, 136.
169. Andy’s WASP Web Pages, “Marie Muccie Genaro.”
170. Merryman, Clipped Wings, 149.
171. Ibid., 155.
172. Ibid., 154.
173. Official Archive Women Airforce Service Pilots, “Assigned Duty Bases.”
174. American Experience, Fly Girls, “Militarization of the Wasps.” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/flygirls/peopleevents/pandeAMEX08.html.
175. Ricci, WASP Newsletter.
176. Merryman, Clipped Wings, 156.
177. Wolff, “Nicole ‘Fifi’ Malachowski.”
178. Buzanowski, “Congressional Gold Medal.”
179. Ibid.
180. Rowland, “Pioneer Female Pilot.”
181. Grosscup, “Fly Girls.”
182. Fandos, “Equal at Arlington.”
183. Comulada, “Meet Elaine Harmon.”
184. Grosscup, “Fly Girls.”
Sidebar Text
*Garber, “Night Witches.”
†US Department of Defense, “Description of Medals.”
‡Lemmon, “Missing in Action.”
§Pantti, “Gender, Politics and Media.”
Time Line
Bold indicates WASP event
1939
September
World War II begins in Europe after Nazi armies invade Poland
Jacqueline Cochran writes letter suggesting women could fly in noncombat roles if needed
1940
April–June
Germany takes over much of western Europe
Nancy Love writes letter suggesting women could ferry planes in US
July
Germany begins air attacks on Britain
September
Germany, Italy, and Japan form Axis Alliance
US Congress begins nation’s first peacetime draft
1941
March
US begins sending aid to Britain
June
General Hap Arnold suggests Cochran go to London to observe women military pilots there
Cochran becomes first woman to fly a military plane across the Atlantic Ocean
December
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor; US enters World War II on side of Allies
Cochran contacts women pilots about flying military planes in Britain
1942
March
Twenty-five American women begin training and flying in Britain under Cochran’s supervision
June
After months of losses, US defeats Japan at Battle of Midway
July
Air Transport Command begins hiring civilian ferry pilots
September
Congress authorizes the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES)
Nancy Love gets go-ahead to begin ferry pilot (WAFS) training in Delaware
Cochran gets go-ahead to begin broad training program (WFTD) in Texas
1943
February
WFTD training moves from Houston to Sweetwater, Texas
March
Cornelia Fort is first American woman military pilot killed on active duty
July
Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) is militarized
WAFS and WFTD combine to form Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP)
1944
March
Congress’s Committee on Military Affairs recommends militarization for WASP
March–June
Columnists and male civilian pilots lobby against WASP
June
D-Day invasion reduces Allies’ need for pilots
WASP militarization bill is defeated
December
WASP is disbanded without militarization
1945
May
Germany surrenders
August
Atomic bombs are dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan
September
Japan surrenders
1948
June
Women’s Armed Services Integration Act makes women permanent, regular members of the military
July
Women in the Air Force are accepted for ground duty only and in limited numbers
1976
June
Women admitted to military service academies and accepted for pilot training
Former Wasps organize to demand militarization and veterans’ benefits
1977
November
Congress passes and President Jimmy Carter signs bill giving the WASP military status
1984
WASP awarded World War II Victory Medals
2009
July
Congress passes and President Barack Obama signs a bill awarding the WASP the Congressional Gold Medal
Index
A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
A
ace pilots, WWI fighter pilots, 83
African Americans
migration changes, 39
in military, 42
Tuskegee Airmen, 64
women pilots, 68
in workforce, 41–42
Air Force. See United States Air Force (USAF)
Air Force Academy, 166, 173
Air Force Cross, 44
Air Force Reserve, 163, 168
air taxi service, 101, 111
Air Transport Command, 89
air travel
beginning of, 4
passenger plane exhibit, 6–7
airplane types
AT-6 trainers, 86
A-24 bomber, 109, 111
B-17 (See B-17 bombers)
B-24 bombers, 40
B-29 Superfortress bombers, 125–126, 127, 129
B-34 bomber, 97
BT-13 trainers, 80, 90–91
C-60 cargo planes, 100
gliders, 99–100
jet propulsion engines, 132–135
P-39 Airacobra fighter, 86, 118
P-47 Thunderbolt fighter, 85
P-51 Mustang fighter and fighter-bomber, 85, 87
Piper Cubs, 106
PQ-8 drones, 101
PT-17 Stearman biplanes, 88–89
PT-19 trainers, 56, 67, 87–88, 93
T-6 trainer, 172
target-practice planes, 61
airplanes
beginning of, 4
how they fly, 20, 133
as weapons of mass destruction, 34
Allied alliance
European progress (1943–1944), 82
Italy invasion, 81
leaders of, 22
members of, 22, 37
Pacific front defeats, 49
U.S. member of, 37
All-Woman Transcontinental Air Race, 163
altitude record, American women flyers, 15
American Airlines, 6
Arlington National Cemetery, 175–177
&
nbsp; Army Air Corps
building resources for, 16
creation of, 8, 49
fighter plane escorts, 81–83
need for planes, not pilots, 21
noncombat flying jobs, 18, 51
Plans Division, 19–20
Women enlistment in, 45
Army Air Forces (AAF)
African Americans in, 65–66
bases and fields (See specific base and field by name)
casualties, 49, 141
congressional support for, 138
flight school closings, 141–142
flight specialization, 83
move from air war, 141
on need for WASP program, 150
Arnold, Bruce, 165–166, 167, 168–169
Arnold, Henry “Hap”
address to last WASP graduating class, 155
death of, 165
end of WASP program, 135
Ferrying Command approval, 51
flying lessons for, 7
halting trans-Atlantic flight, 119
as head of Army Air Corps, 8, 49
military flying approval, 61
on need for larger plane, 125
on need for planes, not pilots, 20
on need for WASP program, 150, 151
on pilots for military, 48, 51, 142, 166
press reference regarding Cochran and, 151
questioning women pilot’s abilities, 21, 25
testimony supporting Wasps, 153
White House aviation awards luncheon, 24–25
Aryans, defined, 10
Atlantic Ocean, air flights across, 5, 116–119
atomic bomb, 129
Australia
in Pacific front, 81
pilots flying with RAF, 21
automobile plants, 38–39
Avenger Field, Sweetwater, Texas. See Women’s Flying Training Detachment (WFTD)
awards and honors, 24–25, 44, 149, 173, 175
Axis powers, 2, 22, 33, 35
B
B-17 bombers
attacking Germany from England, 81
on board bathroom, 121–122
lost in battle, 115
Memphis Belle, 153, 154
Miss Patricia J, 114
Queen Bee, 46
size and strength of pilots, 116–117, 120
as test plane, 130
training program, 119–122
B-24 bombers, 40
B-26 bombers, 123–125